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Hi my computer got an unapproved windows 10 update July 31 After update I could no longer view 3d downliad. So I went into display settings and the 3d mode option was no longer there so was very dissapointed OK angry I should say. Fortinately I was able to roll back system before windows update and now works good and 3d display mode option is in the display settings.

My question is as follows: Does the new windows update do away with the 3d mode display option permanently?? Or any way to install it after the updates? This thread is locked. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread.

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Any link to or advocacy of virus, spyware, malware, or phishing sites. Any other inappropriate content or behavior as defined by mmode Terms of Use or Code of Conduct. Any image, link, or discussion related to child pornography, жмите nudity, or other child abuse or windows 10 3d display mode free download. After reading your suggestions I did go into the device manager and noticed my Nvidia Geoforce gtx card display had updated to жмите сюда most recent Nvidia driver version.

So to solve my problem, I just rolled the driver back to previous old version I got the 3D mode feature option back in my windows display settings and I can see 3D movies dowload All along I thought it was the windows 10 update causing my 3D display issue but it was simply the Nvidia display driver causing my problem.

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Windows 10 3d display mode free download. Three-dimensional display technologies

 

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Windows 10 3d display mode free download

 

Get Your Discount Now. Share this entry. Feature Specifications Resource. Related Products. DesktopSbS is free and open-source. You can download, install and run it without paying. Skip to content. Star This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Branches Tags. Could not load branches. Could not load tags. Launching Xcode If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again.

Launching Visual Studio Code Your codespace will open once ready. You can double-click the profile loader system tray icon to instantly re-apply the currently selected calibration state see below.

A single click will show a popup with currently associated profiles and calibration information. A right-click menu allows you to set the desired calibration state and a few other options:. You will be asked to install or save the 3D LUT directly after it was created. You can do verification measurements to assess the display chain’s display profile – video card and the calibration curves in its gamma table – monitor fit to the measured data, or to find out about the soft proofing capabilities of the display chain.

The measured values are then compared to the values obtained by feeding the device RGB numbers through the display profile measured vs expected values. The default verification chart contains 26 patches and can be used, for example, to check if a display needs to be re-profiled. The profile that is to be evaluated can be chosen freely.

The report files generated after the verification measurements are plain HTML with some embedded JavaScript, and are fully self-contained. There are two sets of default verification charts in different sizes, one for general use and one for Rec. Also, you can create your own customized verification charts with the testchart editor. In this case, you want to use a testchart with RGB device values and no simulation profile. Other settings that do not apply in this case will be grayed out.

This depends on the chart that was measured. Be warned though, only wide-gamut displays will handle a larger offset printing colorspace like FOGRA39 or similar well enough. In both cases, you should check that atleast the nominal tolerances are not exceeded. It is perfectly possible to obtain good verification results but the actual visual performance being sub-par. Keep all that in mind when admiring or pulling your hair out over verification results :. Different softwares use different methods which are not always disclosed in detail to compare and evaluate measurements.

There are currently two slightly different paths depending if a testchart or reference file is used for the verification measurements, as outlined above. Then, the original RGB values from the testchart, or the looked up RGB values for a reference are sent to the display through the calibration curves of the profile that is going to be evaluated. The assumed target whitepoint color temperature shown is simply the rounded correlated color temparature K threshold calculated from the measured XYZ values.

The XYZ values for the assumed target whitepoint are obtained by calculating the chromaticity xy coordinates of a CIE D daylight or blackbody illuminant of that color temperature and converting them to XYZ. You can find all the used formulas on Bruce Lindbloom’s website and on Wikipedia. This mode is useful when checking softproofing results using a CMYK simulation profile, and will be automatically enabled if you used whitepoint simulation during verification setup without enabling whitepoint simulation relative to the profile whitepoint true absolute colorimetric mode.

When using ArgyllCMS 1. The remote device needs to be able to run a web browser Firefox recommended , and the local machine running DisplayCAL may need firewall rules added or altered to allow incoming connections. NOTE: If you use this method of displaying test patches, there is no access to the display video LUT [7] s and hardware calibration is not possible. The colors will be displayed with 8 bit per component precision, and any screen-saver or power-saver will not be automatically disabled.

Note: Close the web browser window or tab after each run, otherwise reconnection may fail upon further runs. Since version 2. Untethered mode is another option to measure and profile a remote display that is not connected via standard means calibration is not supported.

To use untethered mode, the testchart that should be used needs to be optimized, then exported as image files via the testchart editor and those image files need to be displayed on the device that should be measured, in successive order. The procedure is as follows:. Use whatever means available to you to cycle through the images from first to last, carefully monitoring the measurement process and only changing to the next image if the current one has been successfully measured as will be shown in the untethered measurement window.

Note that untethered mode will be atleast twice as slow as normal display measurements. There is a bit of functionality that is not available via the UI and needs to be run from a command prompt or ternminal. Use of this functionality currently requires running from source.

Note that Windows calibration loading is of lower quality than using ArgyllCMS because Windows always quantizes the calibration to 8 bit and scales it wrongly. The –os option determines wether Windows calibration loading functionality should be enbaled or disabled.

DisplayCAL supports scripting locally and over the network the latter must be explicitly enabled by setting app. DisplayCAL must be already running on the target machine for this to work.

Below is an example connecting to a running instance on the default port and starting calibration measurements the port is configurable in DisplayCAL. You can read the actual used port from the file DisplayCAL. The example is written in Python and deals with some of the intricacies of sockets as well.

Each command needs to be terminated with a newline character after any arguments the command may accept. Note that data sent must be UTF-8 encoded, and if arguments contain spaces they should be encased in double or single quotes.

The common return values for commands are either ok in case the command was understood note that this does not indicate if the command finished processing , busy or blocked in case the command was ignored because another operation was running or a modal dialog blocks the UI, failed in case the command or an argument could not be processed successfully, forbidden in case the command was not allowed this may be a temporary condition depending on the circumstances, e.

Other return values are possible depending on the command. All values returned are UTF-8 encoded. If the return value is blocked e. Below is a list of the currently supported commands the list contains all valid commands for the main application, the standalone tools will typically just support a smaller subset. Note that filename arguments must refer to files present on the target machine running DisplayCAL.

There are a few things to be aware of when using commands that interact with the UI directly i. If an object’s ID is negative, it means that it has been automatically assigned at object creation time and is only valid during the lifetime of the object i.

Another possibility is to use an object’s label, which while also not guaranteed to be unique, still has a fairly high likelihood of being unique for controls that share the same parent window, but has the drawback that it is localized although you can ensure a specific UI language by calling setlanguage and is subject to change when the localization is updated.

Sequential operations: Calling commands that interact with the UI in rapid succession may require the use of additional delays between sending commands to allow the GUI to react so getstate will return the actual UI state after a specific command , although there is a default delay for commands that interact with the UI of atleast 55 ms.

Setting values: If setting a value on an UI element returns ok , this is not always an indication that the value was actually changed, but only that the attempt to set the value has not failed, i. Also, not all controls may offer a comprehensive scripting interface. I’m open to suggestions though. DisplayCAL uses the following folders for configuration, logfiles and storage the storage directory is configurable.

Need help with a specific task or problem? If you want to report a bug, please see the guidelines on bug reporting. Otherwise, feel free to use one of the following channels:. Found a bug? If so, please first check the issue tracker , it may have been reported already. Otherwise, please follow these guidelines for reporting bugs:. As the folder may contain several logfiles, it is a good idea to compress the whole folder to a ZIP or tar.

Please note the logfiles may contain your username as well as paths of files you may have used in DisplayCAL. I will respect your privacy at all times, but you may want to consider this when attaching logfiles to public places like the issue tracker. Create a new ticket or if the bug has been reported already, use the existing ticket at the issue tracker , following the guidelines above, and attach the logfiles archive. If you don’t want to or can’t use the bug tracker, feel free to use one of the other support channels.

Do you want to get in touch with me or other users regarding DisplayCAL or related topics? The general discussion forum is a good place to do so. You can also contact me directly. Recent contributors: Gordon Klaus G. Larry K. Part of the comprehensive ArgyllCMS documentation has been used in this document, and was only slightly altered to better fit DisplayCAL’s behavior and notations.

News Forums Issue Tracker Wiki. Your support is appreciated! About DisplayCAL DisplayCAL formerly known as dispcalGUI is a display calibration and profiling solution with a focus on accuracy and versatility in fact, the author is of the honest opinion it may be the most accurate and versatile ICC compatible display profiling solution available anywhere. Other features include: Support of colorimeter corrections for different display device types to increase the absolute accuracy of colorimeters.

Corrections can be imported from vendor software or created from measurements if a spectrometer is available. Check display device uniformity via measurements. Create synthetic ICC profiles with custom primaries, white- and blackpoint as well as tone response for use as working spaces or source profiles in device linking 3D LUT transforms. Installer Package If you want to verify the integrity of the downloaded file, compare its SHA checksum to that of the respective entry in the SHA checksum list.

Installer recommended or ZIP archive If you want to verify the integrity of the downloaded file, compare its SHA checksum to that of the respective entry in the SHA checksum list case does not matter. Source Tarball If you want to verify the integrity of the downloaded file, compare its SHA checksum to that of the respective entry in the SHA checksum list.

Quickstart guide This short guide intends to get you up and running quickly, but if you run into a problem, please refer to the full prerequisites and installation sections. Connect your measurement device to your computer. That’s it! Hardware requirements Minimum: 1 GHz single core processor, 1. Supported instruments You need one of the supported instruments to make measurements. Additional requirements for using the source code You can skip this section if you downloaded a package, installer, ZIP archive or disk image of DisplayCAL for your operating system and do not want to run from source.

Additional requirements for compiling the C extension module Normally you can skip this section as the source code contains pre-compiled versions of the C extension module that DisplayCAL uses. On Mac OS X before If you’re using the official python. Running directly from source After satisfying all additional requirements for using the source code , you can simply run any of the included.

One-time setup instructions for source code checked out from SVN: Run python2 setup. Linux package. Windows Installer Launch the installer which will guide you trough the required setup steps. Prerequisites: You first need to install alien and rpmdb, create a dummy RPM database via sudo rpmdb –initdb , then edit or create from scratch the setup.

If you are using Ubuntu This is no longer an issue with py2app 0. Successful MSI creation needs a patched msilib additional information.

You can specify the same options as for the install command. The original setup. Useful in combination with the uninstall command to see which files would be removed. This is actually a switch, use it once and the choice is remembered until you specify the –use-setuptools switch see next paragraph. This is actually a switch, use it once and the choice is remembered until you specify the –use-distutils switch see above.

Basic concept of display calibration and profiling If you have previous experience, skip ahead. Usage Through the main window, you can choose your settings. Settings file Here, you can load a preset, or a calibration. Why has a default gamma of 2. Tabs The main user interface is divided into tabs, with each tab containing a sub-set of settings.

Apart from those directly connected displays, a few additional options are also available: Web localhost Starts a standalone web server on your machine, which then allows a local or remote web browser to display the color test patches, e. Prisma The Q, Inc. Resolve Allows you to use the built-in pattern generator of DaVinci Resolve video editing and grading software, which is accessible over the network or on the local machine.

Untethered See untethered display measurements. Choosing a measurement mode Some instruments may support different measurement modes for different types of display devices. Calibration settings Interactive display adjustment Turning this off skips straight to calibration or profiling measurements instead of giving you the opportunity to alter the display’s controls first. You will normally want to keep this checked, to be able to use the controls to get closer to the chosen target characteristics.

Observer To see this setting, you need to have an instrument that supports spectral readings i. White point Allows setting the target white point locus to the equivalent of a daylight or black body spectrum of the given temperature in degrees Kelvin, or as chromaticity co-ordinates.

Visual whitepoint editor The visual whitepoint editor allows visually adjusting the whitepoint on display devices that lack hardware controls as well as match several displays to one another or a reference.

For table based profiles LUT [7] , it sets the main lookup table size, and hence quality in the resulting profile. White point If your screen has RGB gain, colortemperature or other whitepoint controls, the first step should be adjusting the whitepoint. Look at the bars shown during the measurements to adjust RGB gains and minimize the delta E to the target whitepoint.

White level Continue with the white level adjustment. If you have set a target white level, you may reduce or increase the brightness of your screen ideally using only the backlight until the desired value is reached i. If you haven’t set a target, simply adjust the screen to a visually pleasing brightness that doesn’t cause eye strain.

You may reduce or increase the brightness of your screen until the desired black level is reached i. White point The next step should be adjusting the whitepoint, using the display’s RGB gain controls or other means of adjusting the whitepoint. If you have set a target white level, you may reduce or increase contrast until the desired value is reached i. If you haven’t set a target, simply adjust the screen to a visually pleasing level that doesn’t cause eye strain.

Black point If your display has RGB offset controls, you can adjust the black point as well, in much the same way that you adjusted the whitepoint. Select one of the pre-baked testcharts to use as base and bring up the testchart editor. It should automatically select the previous profile you’ve chosen. Then place a check in the checkbox. Make sure adaptation is set to a high level e. Create the chart and save it.

Start the profiling measurements e. This interaction can be used to scan light vertically over a range of angles. The display is scalable from 6 in. The system also provides operators the ability to interact with the display: users can zoom, rotate, and reach in, select, and manipulate any part of the image they are viewing. Instead, this full parallax 3D display is based on the full parallax light field principle Klug [ ]. Figure 62 illustrates the architecture of the overall system design modules.

The input to the display system can be synthesized 3D models or 3D surface profiles of objects in the scene captured by a 3D camera.

The input 3D data is sent to a data broadcasting module that distributes the computational tasks to the hogel generation module. It computes the entire set of light field rays for all visible points on the surface of 3D objects. The entire prototype system uses units of p SLMs with about million pixels in total. Slinger et al. This approach utilizes the high frame rate of medium complexity, electrically addressed spatial light modulators EASLMs , and the high resolution of optically addressed spatial light modulators OASLMs.

The resulting system can display 3D images with significantly higher pixel counts than previously possible. The active tiling SLM system as shown in Fig. The OASLM consists of an amorphous silicon photosensor, light blocking layers, a dielectric mirror, and a ferroelectric LC output layer.

The output of each tile has 26 million pixels. A new data segment is then loaded onto the EASLM and transferred to an adjacent tile on the OASLM until an entire holographic pattern is written and can be read by coherent illumination to replay the hologram. Holographic display prototype developed by QinetiQ. Readout optics form the holographic image. This modulator system allows multiple channels to be assembled to produce a large screen 3D display.

The active tile system achieves a pixel areal density of over 2. The compact display volume has a density of 2. The system can display both monochrome and color via frame sequential color images, with full parallax and depth cues. Some of them are not really a holographic display but are, rather, a time-sequential autostereoscopic multiview display. In typical holographic 3D displays, the primary goal is to reconstruct an entire 3D scene that can be seen from a large viewing zone.

The reconstructed 3D scene can be seen if each observer eye is positioned at a virtual viewing window VW. A VW is the Fourier transform of the hologram and is located in the Fourier plane of the hologram. The size of the VW is limited to one diffraction order of the Fourier transform of the hologram. The system setup has a Fourier transforming lens, a SLM, and each eye of one viewer. Coherent light transmitted by the lens illuminates the SLM.

The SLM is encoded with a hologram that reconstructs an object point of a 3D scene. The modulated light reconstructs the object point, which is visible from a region that is much larger than the eye pupil. Most of the reconstruction is wasted since parts are not seen by eyes.

Prior-art displays reconstruct the 3D scene around the Fourier plane and provide viewing regions behind the Fourier plane. For typical holographic displays, the diffraction angle of the SLM determines the size of the reconstructed 3D scene and hence a small pixel pitch is needed Fig.

A reasonable size of the 3D scene e. This is difficult to achieve in existing technology. Therefore, this approach makes large size holographic displays feasible. To achieve a wide viewing angle, the light-diffracting element of a holographic display must be sized close to the wavelength of visible light.

In their next steps, IMEC plans to realize the ultimate HoloDis system that will comprise up to million devices with pixel pitch of nm. Traditionally, holographic 3D display technologies are grouped into two major categories: holographic printing of static 3D images, and CGH with dynamic 3D images. The designs of these two types of systems are usually quite different.

However, Blanche et al. It is split into an object beam and a reference beam by a beam splitter. The object beam is modulated with computer-generated holographic information of a 3D scene by a SLM. After the Fourier transform is performed, the object beam is interfered with the reference beam within the volume of the photorefractive polymer. The photorefractive polymer is mostly transparent in the visible region of the spectrum.

The holographic information is recorded onto the polymer using a pulsed laser system. A spatial multiplexing raster scanning method is used to address the entire display volume. Each hogel containing 3D information from various perspectives is written with a single nanosecond laser pulse 6 ns pulse, mJ at 50 Hz.

The hogel resolution is 1 mm. The entire recording of a 4 in. The 3D image is viewed using an incoherent color LED incident at the Bragg angle, and the image is clearly visible under ambient room light.

The hologram fades away after a couple of minutes by natural dark decay, or it can be erased by a new 3D image recording. To achieve full-color 3D display, an angular multiplexing scheme is used. Up to three different holograms are written in the material at different angles and read out with different color LEDs. To achieve fast recording of holograms with full parallax, an array of pulsed lasers can be used.

Several commercial technologies are available, such as those described in [ — ]. Although they often are very impressive in generating visual effects, they are not holographic 3D display, volumetric 3D display, or multiview 3D display. The 2D images projected on the semitransparent screen cannot evoke physical depth cues. A unique display media is a sheet of water vapor fog or a particle cloud on which projected 2D images can form a floating image display.

Commercial products and patents include [ — ]. In the case of a fog screen, one or more thin layers of a steady flow of fog are generated, by a specially designed machine, as a screen medium. Images are projected onto the screen using a 2D projector s. The unique nature of a fog screen display is its interactivity: there is no solid material to form the screen; thus hand, body, and other objects can penetrate invade the display screen without destroying it. The size can be large as well.

In the case of a particle cloud [ ], the display technology is able to present full-color, high-resolution video or still images in free space, and it enables viewers to directly interact with the visual images.

The system generates a dynamic, non-solid particle cloud by ejecting an atomized condensate present in the surrounding air into an invisible particle cloud, which acts as a projection screen. In general, fog screen and particle cloud technologies are not able to provide physical depth cues.

They are not true 3D displays in nature. A novel control mechanism of an array of water valves can create a dynamic display of graphic patterns [ , ]. This serves as an unconventional and entertaining way to display message and graphical information.

The size of such 2D displays varies, ranging from 5—10 m in height and 3—15 m in width. The image contrast of these displays i. MIT architects and engineers designed a building with such a setup, and it was unveiled at Zaragoza World Expo in Spain [ ]. The valves can be opened and closed, at high frequency, via computer control.

This produces a curtain of falling water with gaps at specified locations—a pattern of pixels created from air and water instead of illuminated points on a screen. The entire surface becomes a 1-bit-deep digital display that continuously scrolls downward.

By combining the optical illusion of the mirascope with a virtual image display, a team of Microsoft researchers have developed a display system, called Vermeer, with moving floating images in midair at 15 frames per second, emulating views.

A virtual image of a 3D scene is rendered through a half-silvered mirror and spatially aligned with the real world for the viewer [ ]. This allows users to literally get their hands into the virtual display and to directly interact with a spatially aligned 3D virtual world, without the need for any specialized head-worn hardware or input device [ ].

Limited depth perception comparisons were reported for a small number of displays [ ]. We realize that it is virtually impossible to perform rigorous quantitative or empirical comparisons of optoelectromechanical design details and performance among a large variety of display techniques and modalities without getting into the dilemma of comparing apples to oranges. We provide a depth cue comparison of various 3D display technologies in Table 2 to itemize a few key properties of 3D display technologies.

The comparison table in this article is meant to provide some guidance, to a certain degree, to differentiate the key behavior of each technique in major categories of performance. Such a huge amount of data present seemingly unfathomable technical challenges to the entire chain of 3D imaging industries, including 3D image acquisition, processing, transmission, visualization, and display. These compromises and approximations lead to different characteristics among the resulting 3D display technologies.

In Table 2 , we list major categories of 3D display technical approaches, namely, the binocular stereoscopic, multiview light field autostereoscopic with HPO, integral imaging, super-multiview, and multiview with eye-tracking , and volumetric static and moving screens 3D displays.

In Section 6, we provided some of the pseudo 3D display technologies that often are mistakenly called 3D holographic or true 3D displays. These pseudo 3D displays cannot provide any physical depth cues of a real-world 3D scene. We compare these display technologies in terms of the various depth cues they can provide e. Many other characteristics could also be added into Table 2 , but we choose to leave these tasks to readers since we do not intend to provide an exhaustive list of comparisons, which may be impossible to do to address concerns coming from those with various backgrounds.

Several notes regarding the table that lists pros and cons of some existing 3D display systems Table 3 :. Table 3 provides more detailed descriptions of key features system parameters, performance, etc. The selection of these properties is by no means exhaustive. Depending on specific applications and design objectives, one can easily come up with a difference set of criteria. There is a reason why so many 3D display techniques have been developed to date: there is no single technique that can be applied to each and every specific application scenario.

Each 3D display technique has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. When selecting a 3D display technique for a specific application, readers are encouraged to make careful trade-offs among their specific application requirements and to consider key performance issues. Figure 68 shows a flowchart that illustrates the major building blocks of the entire 3D imaging industry. The acquired 3D contents have to be efficiently processed by sophisticated 3D image processing algorithms.

To facilitate distribution of 3D contents to remote locations, 3D image transmission techniques have to be developed e. Various aspects of 3D visualization techniques, such as 3D user interaction and effective 3D visualization protocols, have to be developed before the 3D display system hardware and software technologies can be applied.

Finally, an important aspect in the 3D imaging chain is the technologies to facilitate natural interaction between viewers and 3D images. True 3D interaction technologies would make 3D display more effective, efficient, and interesting. Various promising 3D display technologies have been discussed in this article. Most of them are still in the stages of prototypes and pre-market testing.

High-end market segments for 3D display technologies include defense, medical, space, and scientific high-dimensional data visualization applications, to name a few. Any 3D display technology that can break through these markets may find widespread adoption and high-volume production opportunities. The field of 3D display technology is still quite young compared with its 2D counterpart, which has developed over several decades with multibillion dollar investments.

It is our hope that our work in developing and applying 3D display technologies to a variety of applications can provide some stimulation and attraction of more talented researchers from both theoretical and applications backgrounds to this fascinating field of research and development. Since then, he has led a variety of research, development, and commercialization efforts on 3D imaging technologies. He founded a high tech company that specialized in developing 3D imaging technologies and products.

He has published academic papers and one book, and is an inventor of 33 issued patents. He has received prestigious national honors, including the Tibbetts Award from the U. OCIS codes: Adv Opt Photonics. Author manuscript; available in PMC Dec Jason Geng. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Jason Geng: gro. Copyright notice. Abstract The physical world around us is three-dimensional 3D , yet traditional display devices can show only two-dimensional 2D flat images that lack depth i.

Fundamentals of Three-Dimensional Display The physical world around us is three-dimensional 3D ; yet traditional display devices can show only two-dimensional 2D flat images that lack depth the third dimension information. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Accommodation is the measurement of muscle tension used to adjust the focal length of eyes.

Based on the triangulation principle, the closer the object, the more the eyes must converge. Motion parallax offers depth cues by comparing the relative motion of different elements in a 3D scene. Binocular disparity stereo refers to differences in images acquired by the left eye and the right eye.

The farther away a 3D object is, the farther apart are the two images. Figure 4. Illustration of psychological depth cues from 2D monocular images. Linear perspective is the appearance of relative distance among 3D objects, such as the illusion of railroad tracks converging at a distant point on the horizon.

Occlusion is the invisible parts of objects behind an opaque object. The human brain interprets partially occluded objects as lying farther away than interposing ones.

Shading cast by one object upon another gives strong 3D spatial-relationship clues. Variations in intensity help the human brain to infer the surface shape and orientation of an object. Prior knowledge of familiar sizes and the shapes of common structures—the way light interacts with their surfaces and how they behave when in motion—can be used to infer their 3D shapes and distance from the viewer. Figure 5. Plenoptic Function In , Adelson and Bergen [ 29 ] developed the concept of the plenoptic function Fig.

Figure 6. From 2D Pixel to 3D Voxel or Hogel Most 2D display screens produce pixels that are points emitting light of a particular color and brightness. Figure 7. Classification of 3D Display Technology There have been a number of books and review articles on the topic related to 3D display technologies in the past [ 2 — 27 ]. Figure 8. Figure 9.

Color-Interlaced Anaglyph In anaglyph displays, the left- and right-eye images are filtered with near-complementary colors red and green, red and cyan, or green and magenta, and the observer wears respective color-filter glasses for separation Fig. Figure Polarization-Interlaced Stereoscopic Display Polarization-interlaced stereoscopic display techniques Fig.

Time-Multiplexed Stereoscopic Display The human visual system is capable of merging the constituents of a stereo pair across a time lag of up to 50 ms. Head-Mount Display Figure 14 shows a head-mount display HMD with a separate video source displayed in front of each eye to achieve a stereoscopic effect.

Accommodation—Convergence Conflict One of the major complaints from users of stereoscopic displays is the inconsistency of depth cues, a phenomenon called accommodation—convergence conflict. Illustration of a multiview HPO autostereoscopic 3D display system. Occlusion-Based Multiview 3D Display Techniques The occlusion-based multiview 3D display approaches have one thing in common: they all have blockage s in the optical path. Parallax Barrier The parallax stereogram was first introduced by Ives in [ 41 ].

Parallax barrier HPO autostereoscopic 3D display example with two views. Parallax barrier HPO autostereoscopic 3D display multiple views. Reduced brightness. Only a small amount of light emitted from pixels passes through the parallel barriers. The brightness of a display is thus significantly reduced. Limited resolution.

Picket fence effect in the monocular image. Image flipping artifact when crossing a viewing zone. Limited number of viewing zones. When trying to increase the number of views, the width of the dark slit of the barrier increases, while the white slit width remains the same, causing display brightness decrease and a picket fence effect. Diffraction effect caused by a small window. With increase of resolution, the aperture of the parallel barrier becomes smaller, which may introduce diffraction effects that could spread light rays and degrade image quality.

Time-Sequential Aperture Displays One of the time-sequential aperture displays was developed by Cambridge University [ 10 ]. Time-sequential aperture 3D display using a switchable LED array. Multiview autostereoscopic 3D display using a spatial multiplex design. Aligning a lenticular sheet with a screen requires significant effort. Cross talk between views and image flips. This may result in one eye seeing the image intended for the other eye, causing the human brain to perceive the stereo effect incorrectly.

Lenticular-based displays also suffer from problems that plague parallel-barrier-based displays, such as the picket fence problem, limited resolution, and limited number of viewing windows. Slanted Lenticular Layer on a LCD Since it is obvious that the resolution of a 3D image is reduced in lenticular lens systems, a number of advanced techniques have been developed to compensate for it.

Arrangement of a slanted lenticular screen on a LCD array to enhance image quality. Multiview 3D Display Using Multiple Projectors and a Lenticular Sheet Figure 29 shows a method for creating a multiview 3D display using multiple projectors, as demonstrated by Matusik and Pfister [ 9 ].

Autostereoscopic 3D display using multiple projectors frontal projection. Using either frontal or rear projection methods, such displays are expensive. The cost of having one projector per view becomes exorbitant for even a reasonable number of views. Difficulty of calibration. These displays also require that the projected images must be aligned precisely with one another.

In practical application, maintaining optical calibration for a large number of projectors is a challenging task. Prism Mask A different solution developed by Schwerdtner and Heidrich [ 54 ] uses a single panel and light source in connection with a prism mask Fig.

Liquid Crystal Lenses If the shape of LC material can be controlled, it can serve as an optical lens in front of a SLM to direct the light beams to desirable directions in real time. Integral 3D Display Lenticular-based autostereoscopic 3D displays provide only horizontal parallax. Moving Lenticular Sheet Multiview display can be produced via moving parts, as proposed by Cossairt et al.

Accurate micro-motion of a large size lenticular sheet module is difficult to implement, depending on screen size, weight, and design.

Therefore, for different sizes of displays, different types of motion controllers are needed, leading to high cost of scale-up production. Since the motion of the lenticular sheet module is back and forth, the speed is not constant. There is a significant variation from zero to maximum speed during every cycle of motion.

The scanning speed of the viewing direction is therefore not constant. This property may affect viewing performance. For large size screens [e. Reflection-Based Multiview 3D Display 3.

Beam Splitter Half Mirror A field lens is placed at the focus of a real aerial image in order to collimate the rays of light passing through that image without affecting its geometrical properties. Projection-Based Multiview 3D Display 3. Theta-Parallax-Only Display Favalora and Cossairt [ 73 ] proposed an interesting design of a multiview 3D display that exploits the directional light steering property of a special screen.

Projector with a Lenticular Mirror Sheet Another design concept of projection-based multiview 3D displays, proposed by Krah at Apple [ 75 ], is to use a projector and a reflective lenticular mirror sheet as the reflective screen.

Frontal Projection with Parallax Barrier Kim et al. Frontal projection parallax barrier autostereoscopic 3D display. Super-Multiview 3D Displays Due to the physical upper limit on how many views a multiview 3D display can generate, there is always a discontinuity in view switching with respect to the viewing direction.

Directional Backlight Designs for Full-Resolution Autostereoscopic 3D Displays Full-resolution autostereoscopic 3D display can be achieved by using clever directional backlight mechanisms, together with high-speed LCD panels. Four-Direction Backlight with a View Parallax Barrier for a view 3D Display Wei and Huang [ 90 ] proposed a four-direction backlight together with a view parallax barrier for a view 3D display.

Multidirectional Backlighting Using Lenslet Arrays Kwon and Choi [ 91 ] implemented a multidirectional backlight using a LCD panel, a lenticular lens arrays, and a uniformed backlight unit.

Volumetric 3D Display In contrast to multiview 3D displays that present the proper view of a 3D image to viewers in corresponding viewing locations, volumetric 3D display techniques to be discussed in this section can display volumetric 3D images in true 3D space.

Solid-State Upconversion One of the fundamental requirements for a volumetric 3D display system is to have the entire display volume filled with voxels that can be selectively excited at any desired location.

Gas Medium Upconversion Another 3D display based on the upconversion concept employs the intersection of two laser beams in an atomic vapor and subsequent omnidirectional fluorescence from the intersection point [ 95 ]. Concept illustration of the optical-fiber-bundle-based static volumetric 3D display.

Simple design. Requirement of high-speed switching LC sheets. Assume that a reasonable refresh rate of a high-quality 3D image is Hz, and there are layers of LC sheets. This is about 1 to 2 orders of magnitude faster than any commercially available LC material can achieve, and it is very difficult for existing technology to handle such a high switching speed.

Low image brightness due to short exposure time. Brightness perceived by human eyes depends not only on the intensity of the light source but also on the exposure time of the light source. The shorter the exposure time, the dimmer the light appears.

Low brightness due to optical transmission loss of projected light going through multiple LC sheets. Varifocal Mirror and High-Speed Monitor A clever method of 3D display proposed by Sher [ ] employs the strategy of forming optical virtual 3D images in space in front of the viewer. Laser-Scanning Rotating Helix 3D Display Extensive attempts have been made by researchers to develop a 3D display device based on laser scanning and a rotating helical surface Hartwig [ ] and Garcia and Williams at Texas Instruments [ ].

Holographic Display 5. SLM Type Modulation Mechanism Digital light processing Liquid-crystal-on-silicon Electronically controlled Ferroelectric liquid-crystal-on-silicon Acousto-optic modulator Acoustically controlled Optically addressed spatial light modulator Optically controlled Magneto-optical spatial light modulator Magneto-optically controlled Nano-scale SiGe-microelectromechanical systems Electronically controlled.

Module of the dynamic hogel light field display screen and hogel generation optics. QinetiQ System Slinger et al. Required pitch of the spatial light modulator SLM For typical holographic displays, the diffraction angle of the SLM determines the size of the reconstructed 3D scene and hence a small pixel pitch is needed Fig. IMEC Holographic Display To achieve a wide viewing angle, the light-diffracting element of a holographic display must be sized close to the wavelength of visible light.

University of Arizona Holographic Video Display Traditionally, holographic 3D display technologies are grouped into two major categories: holographic printing of static 3D images, and CGH with dynamic 3D images.

High-level optical configuration of the PRP holographic imaging system. Fog Screen and Particle Cloud Displays A unique display media is a sheet of water vapor fog or a particle cloud on which projected 2D images can form a floating image display.

Graphic Waterfall Display A novel control mechanism of an array of water valves can create a dynamic display of graphic patterns [ , ]. Microsoft Vermeer By combining the optical illusion of the mirascope with a virtual image display, a team of Microsoft researchers have developed a display system, called Vermeer, with moving floating images in midair at 15 frames per second, emulating views.

Special optical design of screen with alternative columns to diffract light rays toward different directions. Voxels are created by addressing a rapidly rotating phosphor-coated screen in vacuum by synchronized electron beams. In Table 2 we use four physiological depth cues motion parallax, binocular disparity, convergence, and accommodation and five psychological depth cues linear perspective, occlusion, shading, texture, and prior knowledge to compare the displayed 3D images generated from each technique.

As the single most important characteristics of 3D display, almost all 3D display technologies discussed in this article offer motion parallax and binocular disparity depth cues.

However, only volumetric and holographic 3D displays offer convergence and accommodation depth cues. Most multi-view 3D displays offer limited degrees of convergence and accommodation depth cues, due to the fact that the images are displayed on screens that are mostly flat or curved display surfaces.

For scenarios such as 3D cinemas or large screen 3DTVs, the viewing distance is generally greater than 2 m. The depth of view of human eyes in such a viewing range is much more tolerant to the accommodation—convergence conflict. Multiview 3D display techniques are able to provide motion parallax, but usually at a coarse level. Super-multiview and CGHs are able to generate a much smoother motion parallax, while many existing CGH systems are still not able to provide such capability, due to greatly reduced data bandwidth.

Volumetric and holographic 3D displays have voxels in 3D space, while most multi-view 3D displays fail to generate volumetric voxels.