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Software versioning is the process of assigning either unique version names or unique version numbers to unique states of computer software. Within a given version number category e. At a fine-grained level, revision control is often used for keeping track of incrementally-different versions of information, whether or not this information is computer software.

Modern computer software is often tracked using two different software versioning schemes: an internal version number that may be incremented many times in a single day, such as a revision control number, and a release version that typically changes far less often, such as semantic versioning [1] or a project code name.

File numbers were used especially in public administration, as well as companies, to uniquely identify files or cases. Later lists of files including their versions were added, and dependencies amongst them.

Linux distributions like Debian, with its dpkg , early on created package management software which could resolve dependencies between its packages.

Debians first try was that a package knew other packages which depend on it. From on this idea was reverted, so a package knew the packages it needed. When installing a package, dependeny resolution was used to automatically calculate the packages needed as well, and install them with the desired package. To facilitate upgrades, minimum package versions were introduced. Thus the numbering scheme needed to tell which version was newer than the required one.

A variety of version numbering schemes have been created to keep track of different versions of a piece of software. The ubiquity of computers has also led to these schemes being used in contexts outside computing.

In sequence-based software versioning schemes, each software release is assigned a unique identifier that consists of one or more sequences of numbers or letters. This is the extent of the commonality; schemes vary widely in areas such as the number of sequences, the attribution of meaning to individual sequences, and the means of incrementing the sequences. In some schemes, sequence-based identifiers are used to convey the significance of changes between releases.

Changes are classified by significance level, and the decision of which sequence to change between releases is based on the significance of the changes from the previous release, whereby the first sequence is changed for the most significant changes, and changes to sequences after the first represent changes of decreasing significance. Depending on the scheme, significance may be assessed by lines of code changed, function points added or removed, the potential impact on customers in terms of work required to adopt a new version, risk of bugs or undeclared breaking changes, degree of changes in visual layout, the number of new features, or almost anything the product developers or marketers deem to be significant, including marketing desire to stress the “relative goodness” of the new version.

Semantic versioning aka SemVer [1] is a widely-adopted version scheme [6] that uses a three-part version number Major. Patch , an optional pre-release tag, and an optional build meta tag. In this scheme, risk and functionality are the measures of significance. Breaking changes are indicated by increasing the major number high risk ; new, non-breaking features increment the minor number medium risk ; and all other non-breaking changes increment the patch number lowest risk.

The presence of a pre-release tag -alpha, -beta indicates substantial risk, as does a major number of zero 0. As an example of inferring compatibility from a SemVer version, software which relies on version 2. Developers may choose to jump multiple minor versions at a time to indicate that significant features have been added, but are not enough to warrant incrementing a major version number; for example Internet Explorer 5 from 5.

This may be done to emphasize the value of the upgrade to the software user, or, as in Adobe’s case, to represent a release halfway between major versions although levels of sequence based versioning are not necessarily limited to a single digit, as in Blender version 2.

A different approach is to use the major and minor numbers, along with an alphanumeric string denoting the release type, e. A software release train using this approach might look like 0. It is a common practice in this scheme to lock out new features and breaking changes during the release candidate phases, and for some teams, even betas are locked down to bug fixes only, to ensure convergence on the target release. Again, in these examples, the definition of what constitutes a “major” as opposed to a “minor” change is entirely subjective and up to the author, as is what defines a “build”, or how a “revision” differs from a “minor” change.

Shared libraries in Solaris and Linux may use the current. A similar problem of relative change significance and versioning nomenclature exists in book publishing, where edition numbers or names can be chosen based on varying criteria. In most proprietary software, the first released version of a software product has version 1. Some projects use the major version number to indicate incompatible releases.

Often programmers write new software to be backward compatible , i. This enables people who run a high availability computer cluster to keep most of the computers up and running while one machine at a time is shut down, upgraded, and restored to service. Often packet headers and file format include a version number — sometimes the same as the version number of the software that wrote it; other times a “protocol version number” independent of the software version number.

The code to handle old deprecated protocols and file formats is often seen as cruft. Software in the experimental stage alpha or beta often uses a zero in the first “major” position of the sequence to designate its status. However, this scheme is only useful for the early stages, not for upcoming releases with established software where the version number has already progressed past 0.

Semantic versioning actually does not specify specific terms for development stages; the comparison is simply in lexicographical order. There are two schools of thought regarding how numeric version numbers are incremented. Most free and open-source software packages, including MediaWiki , treat versions as a series of individual numbers, separated by periods, with a progression such as 1. On the other hand, some software packages identify releases by decimal numbers: 1. The standard GNU version numbering scheme is major.

In some cases, developers may decide to reset the major version number. This is sometimes used to denote a new development phase being released. For example, Minecraft Alpha ran from version 1.

Once the game was fully released, the major version number again reset to 1. When printed, the sequences may be separated with characters. The choice of characters and their usage varies by the scheme. The following list shows hypothetical examples of separation schemes for the same release the thirteenth third-level revision to the fourth second-level revision to the second first-level revision : [ original research?

When a period is used to separate sequences, it may or may not represent a decimal point—see ” Incrementing sequences ” section for various interpretation styles. There is sometimes a fourth, unpublished number which denotes the software build as used by Microsoft. Adobe Flash is a notable case where a four-part version number is indicated publicly, as in Some companies also include the build date. Version numbers may also include letters and other characters, such as Lotus Release 1a.

Some projects use negative version numbers. Many projects use a date-based versioning scheme called Calendar Versioning aka CalVer [18].

Ubuntu Linux is one example of a project using calendar versioning; Ubuntu This has the advantage of being easily relatable to development schedules and support timelines. Some video games also use date as versioning, for example the arcade game Street Fighter EX. At startup it displays the version number as a date plus a region code, for example ASIA. The hyphens are sometimes omitted. The Wine project formerly used a date versioning scheme, which used the year followed by the month followed by the day of the release; for example, “Wine “.

Microsoft Office build numbers are an encoded date: [20] the first two digits indicate the number of months that have passed from the January of the year in which the project started with each major Office release being a different project , while the last two digits indicate the day of that month. So is the 19th day of the 34th month after the month of January of the year the project started. Other examples that identify versions by year include Adobe Illustrator 88 and WordPerfect Office When a year is used to denote version, it is generally for marketing purposes, and an actual version number also exists.

The Python Software Foundation has published PEP — Version Identification and Dependency Specification, [21] outlining their own flexible scheme, that defines an epoch segment, a release segment, pre-release and post-release segments and a development release segment. TeX has an idiosyncratic version numbering system. The current version is 3. This is a reflection of TeX being very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. In a similar way, the version number of Metafont asymptotically approaches e.

During the era of the classic Mac OS , minor version numbers rarely went beyond “. When they did, they usually jumped straight to “. Mac OS X departed from this trend, in large part because “X” the Roman numeral for 10 was in the name of the product. As a result, all versions of OS X began with the number The first major release of OS X was given the version number Instead, it was numbered Thus the 11th major version of OS X was labeled ” Even though the “X” was dropped from the name as of macOS Under the “X”-based versioning scheme, the third number instead of the second denoted a minor release, and additional updates below this level, as well as updates to a given major version of OS X coming after the release of a new major version, were titled Supplemental Updates.

The Roman numeral X was concurrently leveraged for marketing purposes across multiple product lines. Like Mac OS X itself, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand-new programs.

As with OS X, major releases for these programs incremented the second digit and minor releases were denoted using a third digit. Apple’s next macOS release, provisionally numbered The Microsoft Windows operating system was first labelled with standard version numbers for Windows 1.

After this Microsoft excluded the version number from the product name. For Windows 95 version 4. After Windows , Microsoft created the Windows Server family which continued the year-based style with a difference: For minor releases, Microsoft suffixed “R2” to the title, e. This style had remained consistent to this date. The client versions of Windows however did not adopt a consistent style. First, they received names with arbitrary alphanumeric suffixes as with Windows ME 4. Then, once again Microsoft adopted incremental numbers in the title, but this time, they were not versioning numbers; the version numbers of Windows 7 , Windows 8 and Windows 8.

In Windows 10 , the version number leaped to The successor of Windows 10, Windows 11 , was released on October 5, Despite being named “11”, the new Windows release didn’t bump its major version number to

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